Innovation Timeline
Biotechnology
PCR, CRISPR, recombinant DNA, monoclonal antibodies — the landmark patents behind modern biotechnology and the therapies they enabled.
Landmark patents
139
Total citations
51,865
Span
1885 – 2025
Milestones
28
1920s
Leonarde Keeler's Early Mechanical Blood Pressure Recorder
A 1925 invention by Leonarde Keeler designed to mechanically record a patient's arterial blood pressure over time.
4 citations
The Invention of the Modern Adhesive Bandage
A 1926 patent by Johnson and Johnson for the first mass-produced, sterile adhesive bandage, commonly known as the Band-Aid.
16 citations
1930s
How the Iron Lung Artificial Respirator Works
A 1933 patent for a mechanical respirator that uses external air pressure changes to force a patient's lungs to expand and contract.
7 citations
How the modern internal menstrual tampon was invented
Earle Haas's 1933 patent describes the first modern internal menstrual tampon, designed to be inserted into the vagina using a cardboard applicator.
36 citations
How Arnold Beckman Invented the Modern pH Meter
A 1936 invention by Arnold Beckman that created the first reliable, portable device for measuring the acidity of chemical solutions using electronic sensors.
17 citations
1950s
The Chemical Discovery Behind the First Oral Contraceptive Pill
A 1952 patent for a synthetic hormone that became the active ingredient in the first effective oral contraceptive pill.
19 citations
How Chemical Additives Boost the Effectiveness of Rodent Poisons
A 1953 chemical invention that combines 2-acyl 1,3-indandione with EDTA to create a more effective rodenticide.
4 citations
How the First Heart-Lung Machine Oxygenated Blood
A 1955 invention that allowed surgeons to oxygenate a patient's blood outside the body, enabling the first successful open-heart surgeries.
4 citations
1960s
The First Implantable Cardiac Pacemaker
Wilson Greatbatch's 1960 patent for the first successful implantable heart pacemaker that used a battery to regulate heartbeat.
127 citations
How Dr. Forrest Bird's Mechanical Respirator Controls Patient Breathing
A 1965 patent describing a mechanical ventilator that automatically switches between inhaling and exhaling based on pressure levels in a patient's airway.
78 citations
How Soft Contact Lenses Were Invented Using Hydrogels
This patent describes the chemical recipe for soft, water-absorbing plastic materials that form the basis of modern soft contact lenses.
228 citations
The Discovery of Aspartame as a Sugar Substitute
This 1966 patent identifies specific chemical compounds, known as aspartylphenylalanine esters, that provide intense sweetness for food and drinks without using sugar.
228 citations
1970s
How the First Automatic Implantable Defibrillator Works
A 1970 invention by Medtronic that monitors heart rhythms and automatically delivers an electric shock to restart the heart if it detects a dangerous malfunction.
71 citations
How Early CT Scans Created Detailed Body Images
This 1973 patent describes a method for using X-rays from many angles to build a detailed 2D image of the inside of a body, like a slice of a CT scan.
163 citations
Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Detect Cancer in Tissue
This 1974 patent describes a method and apparatus using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure how quickly certain atomic nuclei in a tissue sample return to their normal energy state, helping to distinguish cancerous from healthy tissue.
83 citations
How Scientists Created Bacteria That Eat Oil Spills
A 1981 patent for genetically engineered bacteria capable of breaking down multiple types of oil, which became the first living organism ever patented.
28 citations
Using Radioactive Antibodies to Find Tumors Inside the Body
A 1973 method for finding cancer tumors by injecting patients with radioactive antibodies that attach to tumor-specific proteins, allowing doctors to scan for their location.
66 citations
How Polystyrene Sulfonate Helps Treat Dry Eye Symptoms
A 1975 patent for an eye drop solution that uses a specific polymer to lubricate and cushion the eye, especially for contact lens wearers.
37 citations
How Auto-Injectors Adjust Their Dose Using a Simple Spacer
A 1977 invention for auto-injectors that uses a physical spacer to adjust the amount of medicine inside the device before it is fired.
108 citations
Using Specific Steroid Molecules to Block Salt Retention in the Body
A 1976 medical patent describing the use of 11-beta,18-oxidopregnane compounds to help the body excrete sodium by blocking the salt-retaining effects of the hormone aldosterone.
5 citations
How Early Cochlear Implants Used Digital Signals to Restore Hearing
A 1977 patent describing an electronic device that converts sound into digital pulses to stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing a damaged inner ear.
55 citations
Chemical Compounds for Fighting Bacterial and Yeast Infections
A 1977 patent for a specific class of amino-phosphonous acid chemicals designed to act as antibiotics against bacteria and yeast.
17 citations
Catheter System for Opening and Closing Body Passages
This 1980 patent describes a medical catheter system with a guide catheter and a special dilatation catheter that can expand to open or close body passages, like blood vessels.
256 citations
How Jarvik's Artificial Heart Uses Electric Motors to Pump Blood
A 1977 invention by Robert Jarvik that uses a reversible electric motor to power a hydraulic pump, enabling artificial hearts to mimic the natural pumping action of a human heart.
68 citations
How to Encapsulate Active Materials in Lipid Bubbles Efficiently
This patent describes a method for trapping biologically active substances inside tiny, multi-layered fat bubbles called liposomes, using a specific water-in-oil emulsion and gel-forming process to improve how much material gets captured.
1,862 citations
How to Detect Disease Markers Using Colored Proteins
A 1981 method for measuring disease-related proteins in blood by attaching them to naturally colored proteins that can be detected with light.
27 citations
How Scientists First Made DNA Replicate in New Cells
This 1980 patent describes a method for cutting and pasting DNA pieces in a lab to create new, self-replicating genetic material that can be inserted into bacteria, a foundational technique for genetic engineering.
346 citations
The Discovery of Lovastatin for Lowering Cholesterol
A 1979 patent by Merck describing the isolation of a fermentation product from Aspergillus fungi that effectively lowers cholesterol levels in the blood.
490 citations
How Scientists Taught Bacteria to Make Human Hormones
Genentech's 1979 patent on using engineered DNA to force bacteria to produce human proteins like insulin and growth hormones.
86 citations
1980s
How Two Special Antibodies Find Substances in Body Fluids
This patent describes a "sandwich" method using two highly specific, man-made antibodies to detect and measure tiny amounts of specific substances, like disease markers, in a fluid sample.
1,572 citations
Boosting Anti-Infective Activity with Muramyldipeptides and Liposomes
This patent describes a method to make anti-infective drugs called muramyldipeptides work better by injecting them separately but close in time with tiny fat bubbles called liposomes into an animal.
2,340 citations
Making Hybrid Antibodies from Different Animals
This patent describes how to create new, engineered antibodies by combining parts of antibodies from two different animal species, then growing them in a lab.
8,214 citations
Mice Engineered to Develop Cancer for Research
Harvard's 1988 patent on genetically engineered mice that carry cancer-causing genes, designed to help scientists study how cancer develops and test treatments.
644 citations
How to Make Human Erythropoietin (EPO) Using Engineered DNA
This patent describes the specific DNA sequences and methods to engineer cells to produce erythropoietin (EPO), a protein vital for red blood cell production, outside the human body.
346 citations
Detecting Genetic Differences Using DNA Probes and Enzymes
This 1987 patent describes a method to find tiny differences in DNA sequences by using special DNA pieces (probes) and cutting enzymes, which can help diagnose genetic conditions like sickle cell anemia.
289 citations
How Special Sugars Make Medicines Dissolve Better
This patent describes how to make poorly water-soluble drugs dissolve and absorb better by mixing them with specially modified, non-crystalline sugar molecules called cyclodextrin derivatives.
341 citations
How Lasers Correct Vision by Reshaping the Eye's Front Surface
This patent describes a method for precisely reshaping the front surface of the eye using an ultraviolet laser to correct vision problems like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
381 citations
How to Make Many Copies of a Specific DNA Segment
This patent describes the fundamental three-step process for making millions of copies of a specific piece of DNA using short starter molecules and an enzyme, a technique known as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
7,558 citations
How Doctors Implant a Permanent Stent Using a Balloon
This patent describes the method for placing a permanent, expandable wire mesh tube inside a blood vessel or other body tube using a balloon-tipped catheter to widen it and keep it open.
2,425 citations
How to Make Billions of Copies of a DNA Segment
This patent describes the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a method to rapidly create many copies of a specific piece of DNA or RNA, enabling its detection and analysis.
6,231 citations
How to Make Many Copies of a DNA Piece with Heat
This patent describes the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, a technique to make millions of copies of a specific DNA segment using a heat-resistant enzyme and repeated temperature changes.
2,132 citations
Using Synthetic DNA Fragments to Block HIV Replication
A 1987 patent describing a specific synthetic DNA molecule designed to stop the HIV virus from replicating by blocking a key part of its genetic code.
26 citations
Using Heat-Resistant Enzymes to Read DNA Sequences Faster
This patent describes using a heat-stable enzyme from a bacterium that lives in hot springs to make the process of reading DNA code much more reliable and efficient.
146 citations
How to Make Hard-to-Absorb Medicines Easier for the Body to Use
A method for mixing specific chemical compounds with surfactants to help the body absorb them more effectively.
16 citations
Using PCR to Detect Viruses in Blood and Tissue Samples
A 1989 patent by Nobel laureate Kary Mullis and his team on using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to replicate and detect tiny amounts of viral DNA or RNA, such as HIV and Hepatitis B, directly from human clinical samples.
122 citations
1990s
How an Enzyme Helps Find Specific DNA in a Sample
This patent describes a method for detecting a specific DNA sequence in a sample by using a labeled DNA probe and an enzyme that cuts the probe, releasing detectable fragments.
1,183 citations
How a Cholesterol-Lowering Drug Molecule Was Patented
This patent protects the specific chemical structure of a molecule designed to lower cholesterol, including its various salt forms and its use in medicine.
519 citations
Preventing Protein Damage with Extra Methionine
This 1993 patent describes how adding extra methionine to protein-based medicines can prevent them from degrading, especially in liquid or semi-solid forms.
63 citations
How to Create Lab-Made Proteins That Stop Immune System Overreaction
A method for creating custom proteins that act as 'brakes' for the body's immune system to prevent damage from excessive inflammation.
27 citations
Using Insect Cells to Create Antibodies for Human Diseases
A method for creating disease-fighting antibodies by using insect cells to display human proteins, which are then injected into animals to trigger an immune response.
25 citations
How to Build Smaller, Synthetic Antibody-Like Molecules for Medicine
This patent describes a way to create small, single-chain proteins that mimic the binding power of full-sized antibodies to deliver medicine more effectively.
440 citations
Using Radioactive Antibodies to Treat B-Cell Lymphoma
A method for treating B-cell lymphoma by using radioactive antibodies to target cancer cells without destroying the patient's bone marrow.
232 citations
How to Measure Gene Activity Using Competitive PCR Kits
A laboratory method and kit for accurately measuring how much a specific gene is being used by cells by comparing it against a known internal standard.
151 citations
New Pyrimidine Chemical Compounds for Treating Tumors
This patent describes specific new chemical compounds, called N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivatives, designed with precise molecular structures for potential use in treating cancer.
564 citations
Using Vitamin B12 to Help Proteins Survive the Human Digestive System
A method for attaching therapeutic proteins to Vitamin B12 so they can be absorbed through the gut instead of being injected.
46 citations
How to Redesign Mouse Antibodies for Safe Use in Humans
Genentech's 1995 patent on a systematic method for humanizing rodent antibodies by grafting their disease-targeting loops onto a human consensus framework while carefully swapping key structural support residues to maintain binding strength.
1,161 citations
How Scientists Create Human-Friendly Antibodies for Medicine
This patent describes a method for modifying mouse antibodies so human immune systems accept them as their own, allowing them to be used as powerful, long-lasting medical treatments.
4,274 citations
Antibodies That Block Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα)
This 2000 patent describes specific human antibodies designed to strongly bind and neutralize a protein called TNFα, which is linked to inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
361 citations
Making High-Concentration Antibody Medicines Stable for Injection
Genentech's 2001 patent on a method to create stable, concentrated antibody medicines that can be easily reconstituted for injection, preventing degradation during freezing and storage.
878 citations
How Vaccines Protect Pigs from Respiratory Bacteria
A 1999 patent describing a vaccine for swine that uses specific bacterial proteins to trigger an immune response against the lung disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
3 citations
Using Stress Proteins to Help the Body Accept Organ Transplants
A method for preventing organ transplant rejection by using stress proteins to teach the immune system to tolerate donor tissue.
15 citations
How Genentech Created Antibodies to Stop Tumor Growth
A 1997 patent describing a specific humanized antibody designed to block VEGF, a protein that helps tumors grow their own blood supply.
308 citations
Personalized Dosing for Crohn's Disease Drugs Using Blood Tests
A method for adjusting doses of inflammatory bowel disease medication by measuring specific drug metabolites in a patient's red blood cells to maximize effectiveness while avoiding side effects.
75 citations
Using Cannabinoids to Protect the Brain from Oxidative Stress
A government-owned patent describing how certain non-psychoactive cannabinoids can act as antioxidants to protect brain cells from damage caused by strokes, trauma, or diseases like Alzheimer's.
78 citations
How to Use Modified Cells to Produce Insulin-Regulating Proteins in the Body
A method for taking a patient's own cells, modifying them with DNA to produce GLP-1, and putting them back into the body to treat metabolic conditions.
2 citations
How Human Antibodies Block the Immune System's Off-Switch
Abgenix's 1999 patent on fully human monoclonal antibodies that bind to CTLA-4, a protein brake on the immune system, allowing T-cells to stay active and attack cancer cells.
500 citations
2000s
How Genentech Purifies Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatment
A method for refining mixtures of anti-HER2 antibodies to ensure that harmful acidic variants remain below 25 percent of the total composition.
128 citations
How Genentech Created Antibodies to Target Prostate Cancer Cells
A patent describing specific antibodies that latch onto and kill cancer cells expressing the PSCA protein, effectively turning the body's immune-targeting tools into cancer-fighting weapons.
136 citations
How to Store Fragile Biological Materials Without Refrigeration
A method for preserving unstable biological materials like proteins by trapping them in a solid, glass-like sugar or polymer matrix that prevents decay at room temperature.
11 citations
How to Keep High-Concentration Antibody Medicines Stable in Liquid Form
Novartis's patent describes a specific liquid recipe for keeping high concentrations of E25 anti-IgE antibodies stable and usable for medical injections.
17 citations
How Dosing Humira for Rheumatoid Arthritis Works
This patent defines the specific 40mg biweekly injection schedule for the drug Humira to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
15 citations
How to Take 3D Pictures Inside Human Tissue Using Near-Infrared Light
A system that uses flexible fiber optic cables to map the inside of complex body parts by shining light through them and measuring how it scatters.
25 citations
How Engineered Antibodies Block Inflammation-Causing Proteins
A patent describing lab-made antibodies designed to hunt down and neutralize a specific protein called TNF-alpha that causes chronic inflammation in the body.
77 citations
Using Antibodies to Block HER3 Proteins in Cancer Cells
A patent describing specific antibodies that bind to and block the HER3 protein, which is often used by cancer cells to grow and survive.
5 citations
How Genentech Engineered Antibodies to Starve Tumors of Blood
A 2007 Genentech patent describing specific lab-made antibodies that block a protein called VEGF, which tumors use to grow new blood vessels.
76 citations
Isolating Microbial Proteins That Regulate Cellular Protein Stability
This patent identifies specific genetic sequences from microbes that produce proteins capable of modifying SUMO, a key molecule that controls how other proteins behave inside cells.
6 citations
How Antibodies Can Force Cancer Cells to Self-Destruct
Genentech's patent on specific antibodies that bind to the Apo-2 receptor to trigger programmed cell death in cancer cells.
2 citations
How to Keep Humira Stable in a Liquid Medicine Bottle
A recipe for a stable, liquid version of the drug Humira that stays effective at high concentrations without spoiling or clumping.
58 citations
How Genentech's Antibodies Stop Tumor Blood Vessel Growth
A Genentech patent for specific lab-made antibodies that block a protein called VEGF, effectively starving tumors of the blood supply they need to grow.
54 citations
How Engineered Antibodies Target TGF-beta Proteins to Fight Cancer
This patent describes specific engineered antibodies, made from mouse and human parts, designed to block TGF-beta proteins to help treat various cancers like breast or lung cancer.
756 citations
How Enzymes Help Turn Corn Into Ethanol More Efficiently
A process for making ethanol from starch by using specific enzymes to break down proteins, which helps the fermentation process run more smoothly.
A Gel That Helps Nicotine Absorb Through Your Skin
A specialized gel formula designed to help nicotine pass through the skin or mouth lining without crystallizing or rubbing off on clothes.
25 citations
How Modified RNA Tricks Cells Into Making Proteins Without Triggering Attacks
A breakthrough method for using modified RNA to deliver instructions to cells without causing the body to reject the treatment as a foreign invader.
322 citations
Improving Drug Delivery with Chemical Masks for Thiazolo-Pyrimidine Compounds
A patent describing modified chemical structures that act as dormant precursors, designed to be activated by the body to help treat viral infections like Hepatitis C.
1 citation
How Genentech's Antibody Targets Cancerous B Cells
This patent describes a specific humanized antibody designed to bind to a protein called CD79b, which is found on the surface of certain cancer cells.
13 citations
Using Antibodies to Target Tissue Factor Without Stopping Blood Clotting
A patent describing specific antibodies that attach to a protein called tissue factor without interfering with the body's natural blood-clotting process.
3 citations
How Gilead Made a Stable HIV Pill Combining Two Medicines
This patent describes a stable, single-pill combination of two HIV drugs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine, designed to prevent them from breaking down when stored together.
19 citations
Using Plant-Derived Chemicals and Metabolic Drugs to Fight Cancer
A medical patent describing a combination therapy that pairs specific plant-derived compounds with metabolic drugs to kill cancer cells more effectively than either could alone.
1 citation
How to Detect Heart Disease in Cats Using Blood Tests
A diagnostic method that uses specific antibodies to measure a protein in cat blood, helping veterinarians identify heart disease.
7 citations
How Specific Antibody Drugs Are Stabilized for Storage and Use
Genentech's 2013 patent details a precise recipe for an antibody drug, like Pertuzumab, using a special buffer, sugar, and cleaning agent to keep it stable for patients.
35 citations
2010s
Using Bacteria to Kill Food-Poisoning Germs on Kitchen Surfaces
A natural cleaning solution using specific bacteria and a protein to stop the growth of dangerous Listeria bacteria on food processing equipment.
1 citation
Using Yeast Cell Walls to Deliver Genetic Medicine
A method for using hollowed-out yeast cell walls as tiny transport containers to deliver genetic payloads like DNA or RNA into cells.
4 citations
How Specialized Nanobodies Block Blood Clotting Proteins
A patent describing specific, tiny antibody fragments designed to bind to and inhibit Von Willebrand Factor, a protein that triggers blood clotting.
9 citations
How Bayer's Engineered Antibodies Help Blood Clotting
This patent describes specific engineered antibodies designed to block a protein that prevents blood clotting, potentially helping people with bleeding disorders.
Making Ivacaftor Easier for the Body to Absorb
A patent describing a specific way to turn a drug molecule into an amorphous solid to help the body absorb it more effectively.
50 citations
How Roche Engineers Antibodies to Target Two Different Diseases Simultaneously
A method for creating a custom-engineered antibody that can grab onto two different targets at once, designed to help the immune system fight complex diseases.
6 citations
Using Dimethyl Fumarate to Treat Multiple Sclerosis
A patent detailing the specific daily dosage of 480mg of dimethyl fumarate for treating multiple sclerosis to protect nerve cells.
52 citations
Using Purified Fish Oil Derivatives to Lower Triglycerides Alongside Statins
A medical treatment method using a specific high-dose, purified EPA supplement to lower triglycerides in patients already taking statin medication.
13 citations
How Ibrutinib-like Molecules Block Cancer-Causing Proteins
A chemical design for molecules that permanently latch onto and disable a specific protein called Btk, which is often responsible for the growth of certain blood cancers.
33 citations
How Cochlear Implants Use Free-Spinning Magnets to Survive MRI Scans
A cochlear implant design that uses a freely rotating internal magnet to prevent the device from being pulled or damaged by the strong magnetic fields of an MRI machine.
24 citations
A Custom-Built Protein to Block TGF-beta Signaling in Disease
A laboratory-engineered protein designed to soak up excess TGF-beta molecules, which could help treat conditions like cancer and fibrosis where these signals are overactive.
Chemical Compounds for Treating Hepatitis C Virus
A patent describing specific chemical structures designed to stop the Hepatitis C virus from replicating in humans.
11 citations
How to Edit Genes in Human Cells Using an Engineered CRISPR System
This patent describes an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 system for precisely cutting DNA in eukaryotic cells to change how genes work, opening the door for gene editing in complex organisms.
1,268 citations
Treating Hepatitis C with Combination Drug Therapy
A Gilead Sciences patent detailing a method to treat Hepatitis C by combining a specific chemical compound with an NS5a inhibitor.
42 citations
How to Create Wide-Field Images of Tissue Using OCT Scanners
A method for stitching together multiple high-resolution medical images of uneven tissue samples to create a single, wide-field view for better diagnostic clarity.
9 citations
Gilead's Chemical Compounds for Treating HIV Infections
This patent covers specific chemical structures designed to block HIV from replicating in human cells, providing a foundation for new antiviral medications.
35 citations
Combining Cyclosporine A and Steroids into a Single Hybrid Drug
A chemical method for linking cyclosporine A and steroid molecules into a single hybrid drug designed to treat eye conditions by releasing both components upon contact.
1 citation
How Genentech Engineered Antibodies to Block the Bv8 Protein
This patent details specific genetic blueprints for creating antibodies that target and neutralize Bv8, a protein often associated with tumor growth and inflammation.
Using Genetically Modified Viruses to Target and Treat Cancer
A method for creating a modified vaccinia virus that safely hunts down and kills tumor cells while leaving healthy tissue alone.
15 citations
How to Make Stable Solid Dialysis Powder with Less Odor
A specialized solid powder mixture used to create dialysis fluid that stays stable, smells less like vinegar, and keeps acetate levels within a precise, safe range.
New Chemical Compounds for Protecting Crops from Fungal Diseases
A patent describing a specific family of chemical compounds designed to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi that damage agricultural crops.
How Gilead Stabilized the HIV Combination Pill Truvada
A patent detailing a stable, fixed-dose combination of two HIV drugs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine, designed to prevent chemical breakdown in a single tablet.
How to Make Anthrax Vaccines That Survive Freezing
A method for protecting sensitive anthrax vaccines from damage during freezing and thawing by using specific sugars and additives during the drying process.
How Synthetic Peptides Block Immune System Overreaction
A patent describing specific synthetic peptides designed to stop the body's immune system from attacking healthy cells by blocking a protein called C5.
8 citations
Using the Drug TIC10 to Treat Brain Cancer
A patent for using a specific small molecule drug called TIC10 to treat brain cancers like glioblastoma by triggering a natural cell-death process.
3 citations
How to Design Effective siRNA Molecules to Silence Specific Genes
A patent detailing the precise chemical structure and sequence requirements for siRNA molecules designed to effectively turn off the AAT gene in cells.
3 citations
How an mRNA Vaccine Targets Prostate Cancer with Six Antigens
This patent describes an mRNA vaccine designed to treat prostate cancer by delivering genetic instructions for a specific combination of six prostate-related proteins, teaching the body to fight the cancer.
84 citations
How CRISPR-Cas9 Uses RNA to Edit DNA
This patent describes the fundamental mechanism of using a two-part RNA system to guide the Cas9 protein to specific locations in DNA for precise editing.
49 citations
How to Engineer Antibodies to Better Target and Destroy Disease
This patent describes a way to modify the tail end of an antibody so it binds more strongly to immune cells, helping the body fight off infections or cancer more effectively.
12 citations
Using Antibodies to Block IL-26 for Treating Inflammatory Diseases
A patent for specific antibodies that block the protein IL-26 to help treat inflammatory conditions like psoriasis and Crohn's disease.
1 citation
How to Build Tiny Lipid Capsules to Deliver Genetic Medicines
A precise method for creating small, stable lipid bubbles that safely carry genetic material like siRNA into cells for medical treatment.
10 citations
How Novartis Engineered Antibodies to Block the TIM-3 Immune Checkpoint
A patent describing specific genetic blueprints for antibodies designed to bind to and inhibit the TIM-3 protein, a key target in cancer and immune system research.
10 citations
How to Treat Severe Lung Infections Using Ceftolozane and Tazobactam
A medical treatment method for severe, hospital-acquired pneumonia using a specific, recurring intravenous dose of the antibiotic combination ceftolozane and tazobactam.
How to Sequence DNA from Tiny Samples Using Specialized Plates
A method for preparing DNA for genetic sequencing by splitting tiny samples into a 5184-well plate to ensure accurate data from very few cells.
1 citation
Highly Efficient Bacterial Gene Editing Using Guide RNA and Reverse Transcriptase
This patent describes a system for precisely editing the DNA of bacterial cells with very high success rates, using a combination of guide RNA, reverse transcriptase, and specific DNA sequences.
30 citations
Using Antibodies to Protect Transplanted Organs from Damage
A medical method for preserving transplanted organs by using specific antibodies to block a protein that causes inflammation and blood vessel leakage.
How a Specific Eye Drop Formula Treats Glaucoma
A patent for a precise, low-concentration eye drop solution designed to lower eye pressure in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
1 citation
How to Design High-Quality Gene Editing Tools for a Whole Genome
This patent describes a computer system and method for creating a comprehensive library of gene-editing guides (sgRNAs) by carefully designing and filtering them to be accurate and avoid unintended genetic changes.
1 citation
How to Manufacture a Complex Cancer-Fighting Drug Molecule
A detailed chemical recipe for mass-producing a specific cancer-fighting molecule, including the intermediate building blocks needed to construct it efficiently.
2020s
How Moderna's mRNA Vaccine Technology Targets Betacoronaviruses
A patent describing a specific mRNA vaccine design that uses lipid nanoparticles to deliver genetic instructions for building parts of a betacoronavirus to trigger an immune response.
46 citations
How Automated Microscopes Use Tags to Focus on Biological Samples
A system for automatically focusing and imaging biological samples on a substrate by using special reference marks called tags to guide the microscope's lens.
Boosting Plant Gene Editing and Regeneration with Special Genes
This patent describes a method to make plant genetic engineering more efficient by adding specific genes that encourage plant cells to divide and grow, making it easier to create new plants with desired traits.
1 citation
How Computers Use Brain Maps to Diagnose Alzheimer's Disease
A method for classifying stages of Alzheimer's disease by turning brain scan data into mathematical graphs and using machine learning to identify patterns.
How to Make Long-Lasting Injections for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment
A patent for a slow-release version of the MS drug glatiramer acetate, designed to be injected once every week to six months instead of daily.
Training AI on Private Data Without Seeing It
This patent describes a way to train artificial intelligence models using private data stored on many separate computers, by generating fake data that mimics the real data's patterns, so the private data itself never leaves its original location.
How to Precisely Edit Genes Using Retron-Guide RNA Cassettes
This patent describes a method for highly efficient and precise genome editing using a retron-guide RNA cassette to deliver large pieces of donor DNA into a cell's genetic material.
AI System for Analyzing Medical Images Using Magnification-Aligned Transformers
This 2025 patent describes an AI system that analyzes medical images, like those from pathology slides, by using a special 'Transformer' model that understands how image details change with magnification.