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PatentBrief

Competitive Intelligence

Patent concentration by technology

The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) measures how concentrated patent ownership is in each domain. HHI above 2,500 signals a market dominated by a handful of incumbents — a meaningful barrier for new entrants.

Domains analyzed

13

Highly concentrated

5

Competitively open

6

HHI > 2,500

Highly Concentrated

Top 3 companies hold >50% of patents. Market is dominated by a few incumbents.

HHI 1,500–2,500

Moderately Concentrated

Competitive market with some leaders. Challengers can gain ground.

HHI < 1,500

Competitively Distributed

No dominant player. Open for new entrants and diverse innovation.

Gene Editing

Highly Concentrated

Total patents

2

Total citations

9,690

Top-3 share

100%

HHI score

10,000

10,000

HHI / 10,000

10,000

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Cetus Corp2 pat · 100%

Automotive

Highly Concentrated

Total patents

14

Total citations

561

Top-3 share

100%

HHI score

7,551

7,551

HHI / 10,000

7,551

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Individual12 pat · 86%

Clean Energy

Highly Concentrated

Total patents

13

Total citations

519

Top-3 share

100%

HHI score

7,396

7,396

HHI / 10,000

7,396

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Individual11 pat · 85%
2

Mechanical

Highly Concentrated

Total patents

106

Total citations

5,363

Top-3 share

75%

HHI score

4,692

4,692

HHI / 10,000

4,692

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Individual72 pat · 68%
2
Boeing Co4 pat · 4%
3
Apple Inc3 pat · 3%
5
Thomas A. Edison3 pat · 3%
7
Canon Inc2 pat · 2%

Materials Science

Highly Concentrated

Total patents

27

Total citations

6,475

Top-3 share

78%

HHI score

3,032

3,032

HHI / 10,000

3,032

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

Consumer Electronics

Moderately Concentrated

Total patents

199

Total citations

18,304

Top-3 share

63%

HHI score

1,766

1,766

HHI / 10,000

1,766

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

Biotechnology

Moderately Concentrated

Total patents

49

Total citations

34,685

Top-3 share

59%

HHI score

1,504

1,504

HHI / 10,000

1,504

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Genentech Inc13 pat · 27%
2
Individual11 pat · 22%
3
Cetus Corp5 pat · 10%
7
Novartis AG2 pat · 4%
8
Ciba Geigy Corp2 pat · 4%

Pharmaceuticals

Competitively Distributed

Total patents

41

Total citations

32,748

Top-3 share

46%

HHI score

1,410

1,410

HHI / 10,000

1,410

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

E-Commerce

Competitively Distributed

Total patents

46

Total citations

3,546

Top-3 share

54%

HHI score

1,389

1,389

HHI / 10,000

1,389

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

2
Individual9 pat · 20%
3
Square Inc6 pat · 13%
4
Google LLC6 pat · 13%
5
Facebook Inc4 pat · 9%
6
Microsoft Corp3 pat · 7%

Software

Competitively Distributed

Total patents

151

Total citations

13,879

Top-3 share

47%

HHI score

1,143

1,143

HHI / 10,000

1,143

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Apple Inc39 pat · 26%
2
Google LLC17 pat · 11%
3
Individual15 pat · 10%
6
Facebook Inc9 pat · 6%
8
Microsoft Corp8 pat · 5%

Semiconductors

Competitively Distributed

Total patents

44

Total citations

8,068

Top-3 share

43%

HHI score

992

992

HHI / 10,000

992

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

Telecommunications

Competitively Distributed

Total patents

94

Total citations

10,776

Top-3 share

44%

HHI score

903

903

HHI / 10,000

903

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

1
Individual15 pat · 16%
2
Apple Inc15 pat · 16%
6
Facebook Inc5 pat · 5%
7
Google LLC4 pat · 4%

Artificial Intelligence

Competitively Distributed

Total patents

76

Total citations

2,674

Top-3 share

33%

HHI score

727

727

HHI / 10,000

727

Patent holders (enriched corpus)

Methodology

The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is calculated as the sum of the squared market shares of all firms, where market share is measured by patent count. HHI = Σ(sᵢ × 100)² — ranging from 0 (perfect competition) to 10,000 (monopoly). Antitrust regulators typically define markets above 2,500 as highly concentrated. Data sourced from PatentBrief's enriched corpus; only patents with AI-generated industry tag classifications are included. Assignee-level counts exclude cross-licensed or transferred patents that may not reflect current ownership.