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  "name": "PatentBrief Landmark Patent Index",
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      "title": "How to Use CRISPR-Cas9 to Edit Genes in Human Cells",
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      "title": "How to Make Many Copies of a Specific DNA Segment",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4683195/pcr-polymerase-chain-reaction"
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      "title": "How the iPhone's Slide-to-Unlock Gesture Worked",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/7657849/slide-to-unlock"
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "How RSA Public-Key Encryption Secures Digital Messages",
      "assignee": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4405829/rsa-encryption"
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    {
      "patent_number": "7479949",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "How Touchscreens Tell the Difference Between Your Finger Gestures",
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      "title": "How Early Online Services Delivered Applications Using Networked 'Objects'",
      "assignee": "Prodigy Services Co",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5347632/java-programming-language"
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "How AI Models Use Self-Attention to Understand Language and Sequences",
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      "title": "How Websites Get Ranked by Counting Links and Their Importance",
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      "title": "How Touchscreens Make Documents Bounce When You Scroll Too Far",
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      "title": "How Amazon's One-Click Online Ordering System Works",
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      "title": "How Computers Share a Network Cable Without Crashing",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4063220/ethernet-packet-network"
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      "title": "How Computers Agree on a Secret Code Without Meeting First",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4200770/diffie-hellman-public-key-exchange"
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      "title": "How Touchpads Detect Two Fingers for Mouse Clicks and Drags",
      "assignee": "Logitech Inc",
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      "title": "How Computers Shrink Data Using a Dynamic Dictionary",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4558302/lzw-compression"
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      "title": "How Early Wi-Fi Handled Bouncing Signals Indoors",
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "How Early Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Used Layered Materials",
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      "title": "How to Make Hybrid DNA and Grow It in Microbes",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4237224/cohen-boyer-recombinant-dna"
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      "title": "OncoMouse — The First Patented Animal, Built to Get Cancer",
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      "title": "How Online Stores Suggest 'You Might Also Like' Products",
      "assignee": "Amazon com Inc",
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      "title": "Inkjet Printing — How a Hot Wire Discovered the Bubble Jet",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4723129/inkjet-bubble-jet-printing"
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      "title": "MRI — The Imaging Machine That Detects Cancer Without Radiation",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3789832/mri-cancer-tissue-detection"
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    {
      "patent_number": "5774670",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "The HTTP Cookie — How Websites Remember Who You Are",
      "assignee": "Netscape Communications Corp",
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      "patent_number": "6370526",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Google AdWords — The Auction System That Made Search Profitable",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/6370526/google-adwords-pay-per-click"
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    {
      "patent_number": "4166152",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "The Post-it Note Adhesive — Invented as a Failure That Stuck Around",
      "assignee": "Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co",
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      "times_cited": 278,
      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4166152/post-it-note-adhesive"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "8448084",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Pull Down to Refresh — The Gesture in Every Mobile App",
      "assignee": "Twitter Inc",
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      "status": "active",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/8448084/pull-to-refresh-gesture"
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    {
      "patent_number": "5191573",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "How to Buy and Download Digital Music or Movies Over a Phone Line",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5191573/first-mp3-music-distribution"
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    {
      "patent_number": "4302518",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "The Battery Cathode That Powers Every Electric Vehicle and Smartphone",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4302518/lithium-ion-battery-cathode"
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      "patent_number": "2130948",
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      "title": "Nylon — The First Synthetic Fiber, Invented at DuPont",
      "assignee": "EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2130948/nylon-synthetic-fiber"
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      "patent_number": "2981877",
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      "title": "The IC Manufacturing Method That Made Silicon Valley Possible",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2981877/noyce-planar-integrated-circuit"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "2569347",
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      "title": "The Transistor — The Invention That Made the Digital Age Possible",
      "assignee": "Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2569347/junction-transistor"
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    {
      "patent_number": "5838906",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Microsoft's Browser Patent — At the Center of the Biggest Antitrust Case in Tech",
      "assignee": "University of California San Diego UCSD",
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      "times_cited": 577,
      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5838906/microsoft-internet-browser"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "3387286",
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      "title": "DRAM — The Memory in Every Computer, Phone, and Server",
      "assignee": "International Business Machines Corp",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3387286/dram-dynamic-random-access-memory"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "3541541",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "The Computer Mouse — Invented 30 Years Before Anyone Cared",
      "assignee": "Stanford Research Institute",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3541541/computer-mouse-input-device"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "2717437",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Velcro — The Hook-and-Loop Fastener Inspired by a Burr",
      "assignee": "Velcro SA",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2717437/velcro-hook-and-loop"
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    {
      "patent_number": "3671542",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Kevlar — The Fiber Five Times Stronger Than Steel, Invented by Accident",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3671542/kevlar-aramid-fiber"
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      "title": "The Apple II — The First Personal Computer That Came With Color",
      "assignee": "Apple Computer Inc",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4136359/apple-ii-personal-computer"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "3005282",
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      "title": "How LEGO Bricks Connect and Stay Together",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3005282/lego-toy-brick"
    },
    {
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      "title": "Hedy Lamarr's Secret Radio System for Torpedo Guidance",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2292387/hedy-lamarr-frequency-hopping"
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    {
      "patent_number": "223898",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Edison's First Practical Electric Light Bulb",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/223898/edison-incandescent-lamp"
    },
    {
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "The Barcode — The Lines on Every Product in Every Store",
      "assignee": "Individual",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2612994/barcode-classifying-apparatus"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "4531203",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "NAND Flash — The Memory in Every SSD, iPhone, and USB Drive",
      "assignee": "Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd",
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      "times_cited": 27,
      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4531203/nand-flash-memory"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "3138743",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "The Integrated Circuit — Putting the Whole Transistor Radio on One Chip",
      "assignee": "Texas Instruments Inc",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3138743/kilby-monolithic-integrated-circuit"
    },
    {
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      "title": "How the Wright Brothers' First Flying Machine Controlled Flight",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/821393/wright-brothers-flying-machine"
    },
    {
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "The First Solar Cell That Could Actually Power Something",
      "assignee": "Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2780765/silicon-solar-cell-photovoltaic"
    },
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      "patent_number": "3789410",
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      "title": "Measuring Distance to a Radio Emitter from a Moving Vehicle",
      "assignee": "US Department of Navy",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3789410/gps-timation-navigation"
    },
    {
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      "title": "Bell's 1876 Patent for Sending Voice Over Wires",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/174465/bell-telephone"
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      "patent_number": "2495429",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "The Microwave Oven — Invented When a Radar Engineer Melted a Chocolate Bar",
      "assignee": "Raytheon Manufacturing Co",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/2495429/microwave-oven-radar-range"
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    {
      "patent_number": "1773980",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Electronic Television — Invented at 21 by a Farm Boy Who Drew It in a Potato Field",
      "assignee": "TELEVISION LAB Inc",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/1773980/farnsworth-electronic-television"
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    {
      "patent_number": "10456769",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Preparing Tiny DNA Samples for Genetic Sequencing",
      "assignee": "Bgi Shenzhen & Bgi Shenzhen Co Ltd",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/10456769/method-of-constructing-sequencing-library"
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    {
      "patent_number": "9824092",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "How Cloud Services Store Data Faster and More Efficiently",
      "assignee": "Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/9824092/file-storage-system-including-tiers"
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    {
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      "title": "How Two RNA Pieces Guide a Protein to Edit DNA",
      "assignee": "Universitaet Wien",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/10113167/methods-and-compositions-for-rna-directed-target-dna-modification-and-for-rna-directed-modulation-of-transcription"
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      "title": "How Modified RNA Teaches Cells to Make New Proteins",
      "assignee": "University of Pennsylvania Penn",
      "grant_year": 2012,
      "times_cited": 322,
      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/8278036/rna-containing-modified-nucleosides-and-methods-of-use-thereof"
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    {
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "How to Measure Substances in Blood Using Colored Proteins",
      "assignee": "Individual",
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      "times_cited": 27,
      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4302536/colorimetric-immunoassay-process"
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    {
      "patent_number": "10702600",
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      "title": "How Moderna's mRNA Vaccine for Betacoronaviruses Works",
      "assignee": "ModernaTx Inc",
      "grant_year": 2020,
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      "status": "active",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/10702600/betacoronavirus-mrna-vaccine"
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    {
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "AI System for Answering Questions About Pictures Using Attention",
      "assignee": "Baidu USA LLC",
      "grant_year": 2018,
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/9965705/systems-and-methods-for-attention-based-configurable-convolutional-neural-networks-abc-cnn-for-visual-question-answering"
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    {
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      "title": "How an Early Neural Network Learned Faster with a Special Variable",
      "assignee": "GTE Laboratories Inc",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4914603/training-neural-networks"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "4677614",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Keeping a Data Loop Running When the Main Controller Fails",
      "assignee": "Process Systems Inc",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4677614/data-communication-system-and-method-and-communication-controller-and-method-therefor-having-a-dataclock-synchronizer-and-method"
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      "country": "US",
      "title": "How Flash Memory Stores Multiple Bits in One Cell",
      "assignee": "Toshiba Corp",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5903495/semiconductor-device-and-memory-system"
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    {
      "patent_number": "7663607",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "How Touchscreens Detect Multiple Finger Presses at Once",
      "assignee": "Apple Inc",
      "grant_year": 2010,
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/7663607/multipoint-touchscreen"
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      "title": "Making Strong, Stretchy Non-Slip Surfaces with E-Beam Cured Urethane",
      "assignee": "Norton Co",
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      "status": "public domain",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5401560/polymer-backed-material-with-non-slip-surface-using-e-beam-cured-urethane-binder"
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      "title": "How Computers Speed Up Graphics by Managing Memory",
      "assignee": "Intel Corp",
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      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/6362826/method-and-apparatus-for-implementing-dynamic-display-memory"
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    {
      "patent_number": "7664715",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Compressing Construction Machine Data Using Neural Networks for Diagnostics",
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      "grant_year": 2025,
      "times_cited": 0,
      "status": "active",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/12324579/12324579-mechanisms-for-compensating-for-battery-pack-failure-in-powered-surgica"
    },
    {
      "patent_number": "11918209",
      "country": "US",
      "title": "Real-Time Surgical Instrument Status on Live Video During Operations",
      "assignee": "CILAG GMBH INT",
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      "times_cited": 0,
      "status": "active",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/11918209/11918209-torque-optimization-for-surgical-instruments"
    }
  ]
}