# Boosting Fuel Cell Power for Vehicles Using Oxygen Injection > A system that boosts a vehicle's fuel cell power by injecting pure oxygen into the air supply when the engine needs extra energy. - **Patent:** US 5346778 - **Original title:** Electrochemical load management system for transportation applications - **Owner:** Energy Partners Inc - **Granted:** 1994 - **Status:** Public domain (expired) - **Times cited:** 90 - **Field:** automotive, energy, mechanical ## What it does This patent describes a way to make hydrogen fuel cells more powerful for vehicles by dynamically changing the air they breathe. Under normal driving, the fuel cell uses regular air as an oxidant. When the vehicle demands high power, such as during acceleration, the system detects the increased amperage and automatically opens a valve to inject pure oxygen into the air intake. This enriches the oxygen content to between 30% and 60%, allowing the fuel cell to generate more power without needing a massive, heavy fuel cell stack. ## What it does NOT cover - Does not cover fuel cell systems that operate at temperatures above the boiling point of water. - Does not cover systems that enrich oxygen to levels higher than 60% by volume. - Does not cover fuel cells that operate at pressures significantly higher than 30 psig above atmospheric pressure. - Does not cover systems that lack a mechanism to sense amperage output to trigger oxygen injection. ## The clever bit Instead of building a fuel cell large enough to handle peak power loads constantly, the inventors used a 'peak-shaving' approach by temporarily modifying the chemical reactant mixture only when the load spiked. ## Real-world examples 1. Experimental hydrogen fuel cell prototype vehicles from the 1990s 2. High-performance hydrogen fuel cell power modules 3. Stationary fuel cell systems with peak-load management ## Why it matters This patent addressed a fundamental limitation of early fuel cell vehicles: the trade-off between size and peak power. By using oxygen enrichment, engineers could design smaller, lighter fuel cells for cruising while still having the 'boost' needed for highway driving or climbing hills. It represents a 1990s-era approach to optimizing hydrogen power systems for the constraints of automotive packaging. ## Frequently asked questions ### What does Boosting Fuel Cell Power for Vehicles Using Oxygen Injection cover? A system that boosts a vehicle's fuel cell power by injecting pure oxygen into the air supply when the engine needs extra energy. ### Who owns patent US 5346778? Energy Partners Inc owns this patent, granted in 1994. ### When does this patent expire? This patent has expired and is now in the public domain — anyone can use the invention freely. ### What is patent US 5346778 cited by? This patent has been cited by 90 later patents that build on its ideas. ### What problem does this patent solve? This patent addressed a fundamental limitation of early fuel cell vehicles: the trade-off between size and peak power. By using oxygen enrichment, engineers could design smaller, lighter fuel cells for cruising while still having the 'boost' needed for highway driving or climbing hills. It represents a 1990s-era approach to optimizing hydrogen power systems for the constraints of automotive packaging. ### What does this patent NOT cover? Does not cover fuel cell systems that operate at temperatures above the boiling point of water. **Full plain-English explainer:** https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5346778/electrochemical-load-management-system-for-transportation-applications **Original patent:** https://patents.google.com/patent/US5346778 --- _Source: PatentBrief — https://patentbrief.org. Patent facts are from public records; the plain-English explanation is PatentBrief's._ ## Related patents Semantically similar inventions in the PatentBrief corpus: - [How a Hybrid Layer Stops Metal Growths in Lithium Batteries](https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/10566652/lithium-metal-battery-with-hybrid-electrolyte-system) — This patent describes a special multi-layered electrolyte system for lithium metal batteries that uses a stiff, hybrid material to block dangerous metal growths, aiming for safer, higher-energy batteries. - [Improving Lithium Battery Life with a Built-in Lithium Source](https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/10593988/electrochemical-cell-for-lithium-based-batteries) — This patent describes a method for building rechargeable lithium-based batteries with a special extra lithium source electrode inside that helps the main battery parts work better and last longer by giving them an initial charge of lithium ions. - [How Lithium-Cobalt Battery Cathodes Were Invented](https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4302518/lithium-ion-battery-cathode) — This 1981 patent details the chemistry behind the lithium-cobalt oxide cathodes that power almost every modern smartphone, laptop, and electric vehicle. - [How Car Battery Modules Combine High and Low Voltage Systems](https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/6828755/battery-system-module) — A self-contained battery module that houses both high and low voltage batteries, a power converter, and safety switches in a single unit designed for efficient heat management. - [How Self-Balancing Vehicles Warn Users Before They Tip Over](https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/6302230/segway-personal-transporter) — A safety system for self-balancing vehicles that monitors how much 'room' the machine has left to accelerate before it loses its ability to stay upright.