{
  "patent_number": "US 4357215",
  "country": "US",
  "title": "How Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes Are Made",
  "original_title": "Fast ion conductors",
  "summary": "A foundational 1982 method for creating the materials used in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries by removing ions at low temperatures.",
  "what_it_does": "This patent describes a chemical process to create stable materials for battery electrodes, specifically those with a layered structure like alpha-NaCrO2. The inventors discovered that you cannot create these materials using high-heat methods because the structure becomes unstable. Instead, the patent claims a method of electrochemical extraction, where you pull positive ions (like Lithium) out of a starting compound at low temperatures to create the final, active electrode material.",
  "what_it_does_not_cover": [
    "Does not cover the physical assembly of a complete battery cell.",
    "Does not cover high-temperature manufacturing processes for these materials.",
    "Does not cover the use of materials that do not follow the specific A x M y O 2 layered structure.",
    "Does not cover the specific electrolyte compositions used in the battery."
  ],
  "filed": "1981-04-30",
  "granted": "1982-11-02",
  "expires": "2001-04-30",
  "status": "expired",
  "holder": "Individual",
  "holder_url": "https://patentbrief.org/company/individual",
  "inventors": [
    {
      "name": "John B. Goodenough",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/inventor/john-b-goodenough"
    },
    {
      "name": "Koichi Mizushima",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/inventor/koichi-mizushima"
    }
  ],
  "times_cited": 41,
  "tags": [
    "consumer_electronics",
    "energy",
    "materials"
  ],
  "abstract": "There is interest in the use of solid-solution electrodes as a way of meeting the problems of conventional batteries; Li a TiS 2 where O≦a≦1 is known in this respect and may be made by high temperature preparative routes. Fast ion conductors of the formula A x M y O 2 where A is Li, Na or K, M is a transition metal e.g. Co or Ni, ≦x<1 and y≈1 have been made for this purpose according to the invention. They cannot be made by high temperature routes when x is substantially less than 1 owing to stability problems. In the invention, they have been made by electrochemical extraction of A + ions from compounds of the formula A x' M y O 2 where O<x'≦1, carried out at low temperature.",
  "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4357215/lithium-ion-cathode-goodenough",
  "markdown_url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4357215/lithium-ion-cathode-goodenough/md",
  "google_patents_url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US4357215",
  "relatedPatents": [
    {
      "patentNumber": "4302518",
      "countryCode": "US",
      "title": "How Lithium-Cobalt Battery Cathodes Were Invented",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4302518/lithium-ion-battery-cathode"
    },
    {
      "patentNumber": "4009052",
      "countryCode": "US",
      "title": "Early Lithium-Ion Battery Design Using Chalcogenides",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4009052/rechargeable-lithium-battery"
    },
    {
      "patentNumber": "4356429",
      "countryCode": "US",
      "title": "How Organic Diodes Make Light Using Special Molecules",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/4356429/oled-organic-light-emitting-diode"
    },
    {
      "patentNumber": "3778335",
      "countryCode": "US",
      "title": "How Chemically Strengthened Glass Works",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/3778335/gorilla-glass-chemically-strengthened"
    },
    {
      "patentNumber": "5563422",
      "countryCode": "US",
      "title": "How Nichia Created the First Practical Blue LED Electrodes",
      "url": "https://patentbrief.org/patent/us/5563422/blue-led-gallium-nitride"
    }
  ]
}